Version Control

Overview

This specification describes the Account Information and Transaction API flows and payloads.

The API endpoints described here allow an AISP to: 

• Register an intent to retrieve account information by creating an "account request". This registers the data "permissions", expiration and transaction history timeframe the customer (PSU) has consented to provide to the AISP; and 
• Subsequently retrieve account and transaction data

Document Overview

This document consists of the following parts:

Overview: Provides an overview of the scope of the API and the key decisions and principles that contributed to the specification.

Basics: The section identifies the resources, operations that are permitted on those resources, and various special cases.

Security & Access Control: Specifies the means for AISPs and PSUs to authenticate themselves and provide consent.

Swagger Specifications: Provides links to the swagger specifications for the APIs.

Data Model: Describes the data model for the API payloads.

Usage Examples: Examples for normal flows, and alternate flows.

Design Principles

RESTful APIs

The API adheres to RESTful API concepts where possible and sensible to do so.

However, the priority is to have an API that is simple to understand and easy to use. In instances where following RESTful principles would be convoluted and complex, the principles have not been followed.

References:

• The highest level Data Description Language used is the JSON Schema : http://json-schema.org/
• Best Practice has also been taken from the Data Description Language for APIs; JSON API : http://jsonapi.org/
• The Interface Description Language used is the Swagger Specification version 2.0 (also known as Open API) : http://swagger.io/ and 

Standards

The OBIE principles for developing the new API standards:

• OBIE will adopt existing standards where relevant/appropriate to minimise re-inventing the wheel.
• The initial scope of these Standards is limited to current OBIE scope - i.e., meeting CMA remedies. However, the intention is that the scope of the Standards will extend to either include or align to initiatives to cover a wider scope (i.e., PSD2).
• The Standards currently being reviewed include ISO20022, and FAPI.
• OBIE will favour developer/user experience over and above adoption of existing Standards, in order to create a more future proof Standard.
• OBIE will work with other relevant bodies to align with, contribute to and/or adopt other Standards work, especially relating to creation of Standards around APIs and JSON payloads

ISO 20022

The CMA Order requires the CMA9 Banks to be aligned with the Regulatory and Technical Standards (RTS) under PSD2.

A previous draft of the EBA RTS required that the interface "shall use ISO 20022 elements, components or approved message definitions". In keeping with that requirement, the API payloads are designed using the ISO 20022 message elements and components where available.

The principles we have applied to re-use of ISO message elements and components are:

• Where relevant - the API payloads have been flattened so that they are more developer friendly. This has been a request from the developer community, and the stakeholders involved in the design workshop
• Only elements that are required for the functioning of the API endpoint will be included in the API payload. API endpoints are defined for specific use-cases (not to be generically extensible for all use-cases). Hence - only elements that are required for the account and transaction information scope are included in the Account Information API payloads for v1.0 (as this is the agreed scope for our v1.0 specification).
• We will modify ISO 20022 elements where the existing standard does not cater for an API context (such as filtering, pagination etc.). An example is having latitude and longitude in decimal format - as this is how developers will work with latitude and longitude; or using simple types (e.g., a single date-time field) instead of a complex type (e.g., a choice field with a nesting of date and time).

Extensibility

Version 1.0 of the API only caters to read access to account and transaction information for BCAs and PCAs.

However - where possible the APIs have been designed to be extensible - so they can in the future cover additional account types (e.g., card accounts) and operations (e.g., write access).

Idempotency

The Account Information and Transaction APIs will not be idempotent for v1.0.

Non-Repudiation

The APIs will provide non-repudiation through digital signatures.

The specifications required to achieve this are described in Basics / Non-repudiation.

Unique Identifiers (Id Fields)

A REST resource should have a unique identifier (e.g. a primary key) that can be used to identify the resource. These unique identifiers are used to construct URLs to identify and address specific resources.

However, considering that:

• Some of the resources described in this specification do not have a primary key in the system of record.
• For v1.0 it is not neccessary to individually address resources,

a decision has been made that Id fields will be specified for all resources - but be optional for all resources, except for the account resource.

The account resource needs to be addressed individually and must have a mandatory, unique and non-mutable identifier.

Scope

The APIs specified in this document provide the ability for AISPs to access a PSU's account and transaction information for domestic PCA and BCA accounts.

Out of Scope

This v1.0 specification does not cater for:

• Write operations (the ability to create) standing orders, direct debits and beneficiaries.
• Accounts other than PCAs and BCAs.
• Progressive or changing consent - if the consent between the AISP and PSU changes, then the existing account-request object is deleted and a new account-request is created with the new consent/authorisation details.
• The ability for the AISP to pre-specify the list of accounts that have been agreed with the PSU for consent/authorisation. At the time of writing the specification - it is not clear from a Legal perspective how the changing of these details over time (e.g, customers adding or deleting accounts) affects the original agreed authorisation. 
• The ability for the AISP to specify and "hints" for the types of accounts that have been agreed with the PSU for consent/authorisation (e.g., product or customer channel types). At the time of writing the specification - it is not clear from a Legal perspective how the changing of these details over time affects the original agreed authorisation. 
• Multi-authentication flows have been designed - but the full implications of the multi-authentication flows have not been worked through - so these are are not in the v1.0 specification.
• Non-functional requirements and specification of caching and throttling.

Basics

Overview

The figure below provides a general outline of a account information requests and flow using the Account Info APIs.

Steps

Step 1: Request Account Information

• This flow begins with a PSU consenting to allow an AISP to access account information data. 

Step 2: Setup Account Request

• The AISP connects to the ASPSP that services the PSU's account(s) and creates an account-request resource. This informs the ASPSP that one of its PSUs is granting access to account and transaction information to an AISP. The ASPSP responds with an identifier for the resource (the AccountRequestId - which is the intent identifier).
• This step is carried out by making a POST request to /account-requests endpoint
• The setup payload will include these fields - which describe the data that the PSU has consented with the AISP:
  • Permissions - a list of data clusters that have been consented for access
  • Expiration Date - an optional expiration for when the AISP will no longer have access to the PSU's data
  • Transaction Validity Period - the From/To date range which specifies a transaction history period which can be accessed by the AISP
• An AISP may be a broker for data to other 4th parties, and so it is valid for a customer to have multiple account-requests for the same accounts, with different consent/authorisation parameters agreed. 

Step 3: Authorise Consent

• The AISP redirects the PSU to the ASPSP. The redirect includes the AccountRequestId generated in the previous step. This allows the ASPSP to correlate the account-request that was setup. The ASPSP authenticates the PSU. The ASPSP updates the state of the account-request resource internally to indicate that the account request has been authorised.
• The principle we have agreed is that consent is managed between the PSU and the AISP - so the account-request details cannot be changed (with the ASPSP) in this step. The PSU will only be able to authorise or reject the account-request details in its entirety.
• During authorisation - the PSU selects accounts that are authorised for the AISP request (in the ASPSP's banking interface)
• The PSU is redirected back to the AISP.

Step 4: Request Data

• This is carried out by making a GET request the relevant resource.
• The unique AccountId(s) that are valid for the account-request will be returned with a call to GET /accounts. This will always be the first call once an AISP has a valid access token.

Sequence Diagram

participant PSU
participant AISP
participant ASPSP Authorisation Server
participant ASPSP Resource Server
 
note over PSU, ASPSP Resource Server
    Step 1: Request account information
end note
PSU -> AISP: Get account/transaction information

note over PSU, ASPSP Resource Server
    Step 2: Setup account request
end note
AISP <-> ASPSP Authorisation Server: Establish TLS 1.2 MA
AISP -> ASPSP Authorisation Server: Initiate Client Credentials Grant
ASPSP Authorisation Server -> AISP: access-token
AISP <-> ASPSP Resource Server: Establish TLS 1.2 MA
AISP -> ASPSP Resource Server: POST /account-requests
ASPSP Resource Server -> AISP: HTTP 201 (Created), AccountRequestId
AISP -> PSU: HTTP 302 (Found), Redirect (AccountRequestId)

note over PSU, ASPSP Resource Server
Step 3: Authorise consent
end note
PSU -> ASPSP Authorisation Server: Follow redirect (AccountRequestId)
PSU <-> ASPSP Authorisation Server: authenticate
PSU <-> ASPSP Authorisation Server: SCA if required
PSU <-> ASPSP Authorisation Server: select accounts
ASPSP Authorisation Server -> PSU: HTTP 302 (Found), Redirect (authorization-code)
PSU -> AISP: Follow redirect (authorization-code)
AISP <-> ASPSP Authorisation Server: Establish TLS 1.2 MA
AISP -> ASPSP Authorisation Server: Exchange authorization-code for access token
ASPSP Authorisation Server -> AISP: access-token

 
note over PSU, ASPSP Resource Server
Step 4: Request data
end note
AISP <-> ASPSP Resource Server: Establish TLS 1.2 MA
AISP -> ASPSP Resource Server: GET /accounts
ASPSP Resource Server -> AISP: HTTP 200 (OK), List of accounts containing AccountId(s)
 
 
AISP -> ASPSP Resource Server: GET /accounts/{AccountId}/transactions
ASPSP Resource Server -> AISP: HTTP 200 (OK), List of transactions
 
AISP-> PSU: HTTP 200 (OK), List of transactions
 

Actors

Headers

Request Headers

The following headers SHOULD be inserted by the TPP in each API call:

(Reference: Section 6.3 - Financial API — Part 1: Read Only API Security Profile (Implementer’s Draft).)

Whether the PSU is present or not-present is identified via the x-fapi-customer-ip-address header. If the PSU IP address is supplied, it is inferred that the PSU is present during the interaction.

The implications to this are:

• ASPSPs will need to rely on AISPs assertion.
• As agreed at TDA (18/05) It will be up to the ASPSPs to interpret the 4-times customer not present rule - to be within the “spirit” of the RTS requirement.
• This is dependent on GDPR considerations on the AISP passing a PSU's IP address to an ASPSP.

Response Headers

Return & Error Codes

The following are the HTTP response codes for the different HTTP methods - across all Account Info API endpoints.

An ASPSP MAY return other standard HTTP status codes (e.g. from gateways and other edge devices) as described in RFC 7231 - Section 6.

400 (Bad Request) v/s 404 (Not Found)

When a TPP tries to request a resource URL with an resource Id that does not exist, the ASPSP must respond with a 400 (Bad Request) rather than a 404 (Not Found).

E.g., if a TPP tries to GET /accounts/22289 where 22289 is not a valid AccountId, the ASPSP must respond with a 400.

When a TPP tries to request a resource URL that results in no business data being returned (e.g. a request to retrieve standing order on an account that does not have standing orders) the ASPSP must respond with a 200 (OK) and set the array to be empty.

If the TPP tries to access a URL for a resource that is not defined by these specifications (e.g. GET /card-accounts), the ASPSP may choose to respond with a 404 (Not Found).

If an ASPSP has not implemented an optional API, it must respond with a 404 (Not Found) for requests to that URL.

The table below illustrates some examples of expected behaviour:

200 OK

{
  "Data": {
    "StandingOrder": []
  },
  "Links": {
    "self": "/accounts/1000/standing-orders/"
  },
  "Meta": {
    "total-pages": 1
  }
}

403 (Forbidden)

When a TPP tries to access a resource that it does not have permission to access, the ASPSP must return a 403 (Forbidden).

The situation could arise when:

• The TPP uses an access token that is no longer valid
• The TPP uses an access token that does not have the approporiate scope to access the requested resource.
• The TPP does not have a consent authorisation for the AccountId
  E.g., an attempt to access GET /accounts/2001 or /accounts/2001/transactions when the PSU has not selected AccountId 2001 for authorisation.
• The TPP does not have a consent authorisation with the right Persmissions to access the requested resource.
  E.g., an attempt to access GET /standing-orders when the ReadStandingOrdersBasic permission was not included in the consent authorisation.
• The TPP attempted to access a resource with an Id that it does not have access to.
  E.g., an attempt to access GET /account-requests/1001 where an account-request resource with Id 1001 belongs to another TPP.
  
  

429 (Too Many Requests)

When a TPP tries to access a resource too frequently the ASPSP may return a 429 (Too Many Requests).  This is a Non Functional Requirement and is down to individual ASPSPs to decide throttling limits. 

This situation could arise when:

• The TPP has not implemented caching, it requests transactions for a PSU account, and constantly re-requests the same transactions 
• Similarly for any of the PSU information endpoints 

Pre-Conditions

The following pre-conditions must be satisfied in order to use these APIs:

Pre-conditions for TPPs

1. The TPP must have completed onboarding on the Open Banking Directory
2. The TPP must have registered one or more software statements with the Open Banking Directory. The software statement must have "accounts" as one of the required scopes.
3. The TPP must have valid network and signing certificates issued by Open Banking.
4. The TPP must have completed registration with each of the ASPSPs that it wants to transact with and have been issued with a client-id.

Pre-conditions for ASPSPs

1. The ASPSP must have completed onboarding on the Open Banking Directory
2. The ASPSP must have valid network and signing certificates issued by Open Banking

Idempotency

The API for creating an account-request resource is not idempotent. Once the API has been called, the state of the underlying resource changes.

If a time-out error occurs - then we would expect an AISP to create a new account-request resource - rather than try with the same resource.

Non-repudiation

Overview

The APIs require TLS 1.2 Mutual Authentication and this can be used as a means of non-repudiation. However, it would be difficult to maintain digital records and evidence of non-repudiation if the API only relied on TLS 1.2.

A solution for non-repudiation that does not rely on TLS, would be achieved by providing a JWS with detached content (as defined in RFC 7515 - Appendix F) in the HTTP header of each API request.

The HTTP body would form an un-encoded payload as defined in RFC 7797.

The JWS would be signed using an algorithm that supports asymmetric keys.

A request would be signed by a TPP's private key  and a response would be signed by the ASPSP's private key.

OB Directory will provide and host the necessary certificates containing the corresponding public keys so that hte signature can be verified.

Specification

The TPP must sign the HTTP body of each API request that has an HTTP body. (e.g. GET requests do not have an HTTP body and are not signed.)

The ASPSP must sign the HTTP body of each API response that it produces which has an HTTP body.

The ASPSP should verify the signature of API requests that it receives before carrying out the request. If the signature fails validation, the ASPSP must respond with a 400 (Bad Request).

The ASPSP must reject any API requests that should be signed but do not contain a signature in the HTTP header with a 400 (Bad Request) error.

The TPP should verify the signature of API responses that it receives.

Process for signing a payload

Step 1: Identify the private key and corresponding signing certificate to be used for signing

The signer must use a private key that has a corresponding digital certificate (that contains the corresponding public key) issued by OB.

The signing certificate must be valid at the time of creating the JWS.

Step 2: Form the JOSE Header

The JOSE header for the signature must contain the following fields

Step 3: Compute the JWS

The signer must compute the signature as a detached JWS as defined in RFC 7515.

payload = base64Encode (JOSEHeader) + "." + base64Encode( json)
detachedJWS = base64Encode( JOSEHeader) + ".." + base64Encode ( encrypt (privateKey, base64Encode(json)))

Step 4: Add the JWS as a HTTP header 

The signer must include an HTTP header called x-jws-signature with its value set to the signature computed in Step 3.

x-jws-signature: V2hhdCBoYXRoIGdvZCB3cm91Z2h0ID8=..QnkgR2VvcmdlLCBzaGUncyBnb3QgaXQhIEJ5IEdlb3JnZSBzaGUncyBnb3QgaXQhIE5vdyBvbmNlIGFnYWluLCB3aGVyZSBkb2VzIGl0IHJhaW4/

Process for verifying a signature

Step 1: Extract the components from the JWS 

The verifier must extract and decode the JOSE header and signature from the JWS provided in the x-jws-signature http header

JWSParts[] = detachedJWS.tokenize("..");
JOSEHeader = base64Decode (JWSParts[0]);
Signature = JWSParts[1];
ExpectedSignedPayload = JWSParts[0] + "." + base64Encode( httpBody)

Step 2: Validate the JOSE header and certificate

The verifier must validate the JOSE header to ensure that it is a valid json object with only the claims specified in Process for Signing a Payload - Step 2.

The verifier must ensure that the specified alg is one of the algorithms specified by OB.

The verifier must ensure that the specified kid is valid and a signing certificate with the specified key id can be retrieved from the OB directory.

The verifier must ensure that the certificate is valid.

The verifier must ensure that the b64 claim is set to false.

The verifier must ensure that the http://openbanking.org.uk/iat claim has a date-time value set in the past.

The veriier must ensure that the http://openbanking.org.uk/iss claim matches the dn of the certificate.

The verifier must ensure that the crit claim does not contain additional critical elements.

Step 3: Verify the signature

The verifier must verify the signature by decrypting it and ensuring that it matches the ExpectedSignedPayload.

DecryptedPayload = base64Decode ( decrypt ( publicKey, Signature));

Sample JOSE Header

{
	"alg": "",
	"kid": "90210ABAD",
	"b64": false,
	"http://openbanking.org.uk/iat": "2017-06-12T20:05:50+00:00",
	"http://openbanking.org.uk/iss": "C=UK, ST=England, L=London, O=Acme Ltd.",
	"crit": [ "b64", "http://openbanking.org.uk/iat", "http://openbanking.org.uk/iss"]
]

Filtering

Limited support for filtering is provided on the transactions resource.

Transactions can be filtered based on their Booking Date using the fromBookingDateTime and toBookingDateTime parameters

The dates MUST be specified in ISO8601 format. The date MUST NOT include a timezone.

The filter values will be assumed to refer to the same timezone as the timezone in which the booking date for the account is maintained.

The ASPSP must treat the following as valid input:

• non-working days (e.g. a sunday or a bank holiday) or any other days on which no transactions are recorded
• dates that fall outside the range for which transaction information is provided through APIs
• dates that fall outside the range for which a consent authorisation is available.

In the above situations, the ASPSP must return data for the remaining valid period specified by the filter.

// All transactions from 1st Jan, 2015
GET /transactions?fromBookingDateTime=2015-01-01T00:00:00

// All transactions in 2016
GET /transactions?fromBookingDateTime=2016-01-01T00:00:00&toBookingDateTime=2016-12-31T23:59:59

// All transactions in a specific account upto 31-Mar-2017
GET /accounts/1/transactions?toBookingDateTime=2017-03-31T23:59:59

Pagination

An ASPSP MAY provide a paginated response for GET operations that return multiple records.

In such a situation, the ASPSP MUST:

• If a subsequent page of resource records exists, the ASPSP must provide a link to the next page of resources in the Links.next field of the response. The absence of a next link would indicate that the current page is the last page of results.
• If a previous page of resource records exists, the ASPSP must provide a link to the previous page of resources in the Links.prev field of the response. The absence of a prev link would indicate that the current page is the first page of results.

Additionally, the ASPSP MAY provide:

• A link to the first page of results in the Links.first field.
• A link to the last page of results in the Links.last field.
• The total number of pages in the Meta.total-pages field

This standard does not specify how the pagination parameters are passed by the ASPSP and each ASPSP may employ their own mechanisms to paginate the response.

If the original request from the AISP included filter parameters, the paginated response must return only results that match the filter.

ASPSPs are not expected to implement pagination with transaction isolation. The underlying data-set may change between two subsequent requests. This may result in situations where the same transaction is returned on more than one page.

Regulatory Considerations

RTS - Article 10

1. Subject to paragraph 2 of this Article and to compliance with the requirements laid down in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of Article 2, payment service providers are exempted from the application of strong customer authentication where a payment service user is limited to accessing either or both of the following items online without disclosure of sensitive payment data:
   (a) the balance of one or more designated payment accounts; 
   (b) the payment transactions executed in the last 90 days through one or more designated payment accounts.
2. For the purpose of paragraph 1, payment service providers are not exempted from the application of strong customer authentication where either of the following condition is met:
   (a) the payment service user is accessing online the information specified in points (a) and (b) of paragraph 1 for the first time; 
   (b) the last time the payment service user accessed online the information specified in point (b) of paragraph 1 and strong customer authentication was applied more than 90 days ago.

The ASPSP can determine if the conditions in paragraph 1 are met by examining the Account Request resource. In such a situation the Account Request will have:

• The only requested permission is ReadBalances OR
• All of the following are true:
  • The requested permissions are limited to the following: ReadBalance, ReadTransactionsBasic, ReadTransactionsCredits, ReadTransactionsDebits
  • The TransactionFromDateTime and ExpirationDateTime are both specified.
  • The ExpirationDateTime is the current date or a future date.
  • and the difference between TransactionFromDateTime and ExpirationDateTime is less than or equal to 90 days

The ASPSP must implement the necessary checks to ensure that the PSU is not accessing the data for the first time (as specified in Para 2(a)) - this is an implementation issue for the ASPSP.

If the ASPSP choses to re-authenticate the PSU every 90 days, the ASPSP should limit the validity of the refresh tokens that they issue to 90 days. 

RTS - Article 31(5)

Account information service providers shall be able to access information from designated payment accounts and associated payment transactions held by account servicing payment service providers for the purposes of performing the account information service in either of the following circumstances:
(a) whenever the payment service user is actively requesting such information;
(b) where the payment service user is not actively requesting such information, no more than four times in a 24 hour period, unless a higher frequency is agreed between the account information service provider and the account servicing payment service provider, with the payment service user’s consent.

Although it is difficult to determine what constitutes a PSU "actively requesting information", the ASPSP may utilise the FAPI headers (x-fapi-customer-last-logged-time and x-fapi-customer-ip-address) to make a determination of whether the PSU is "actively requesting such information".

Endpoints

This section looks at the list of available API endpoints to access Account Information and Transaction data. For detail on the request and response objects - refer to the Data Model section of the specification.

The ASPSP must implement the API end-points in the table below that are marked as mandatory.

The ASPSP may optionally implement the API end-points that are marked as non-mandatory.

If an ASPSP has not implemented an optional API, it must respond with a 404 (Not Found) for requests to that URL.

Endpoint design considerations:

• Having resources that are finer grained (e.g., beneficiaries, direct-debits, standing-orders) means that we can, in the future, manage these resources (with unique identifiers)
• While balances is not a typical resource - we believe having a /accounts/{AccountId}/balances endpoint is simpler to understand than a URI to expand the /accounts resource 
• Some ASPSPs were uncomfortable implementing the bulk APIs (e.g., /accounts , /transactions , /beneficiaries etc.) for v1.0 - so the bulk APIs have been specified as optional (these are endpoints 12 to 17). However - the bulk endpoint for /accounts is mandatory to discover what accounts have been authorised for the account-request.

We have specified what are "mandatory" endpoints for the functioning of the Account Info APIs.

However, if ASPSPs do not provide direct debit, standing order or beneficiary details via existing online channels - the endpoints will be not be mandatory.

POST /account-requests 

POST /account-requests

The API allows the AISP to ask an ASPSP to create a new account-request resource.

• This API effectively allows the AISP to send a copy of the consent to the ASPSP to authorise access to account and transaction information.
• For v1.0 - we have made a decision to remove functionality for an AISP to pre-select a set of accounts (i.e., the SelectedAccounts block). This is because the behaviour of the pre-selected accounts, after authorisation, is not clear form a Legal perspective at the time of writing the spec.
• The ASPSP creates the account-request resource and responds with a unique AccountRequestId to refer to the resource.
• Prior to calling the API, the AISP must have an access token issued by the ASPSP using a client credentials grant.

Account Request Status

The account-request resource that is created successfully must have one of the following Status code-list enumerations:

GET /account-requests/{AccountRequestId}

GET /account-requests/{AccountRequestId}

An AISP can optionally retrieve a account-request resource that they have created to check its status. 

Prior to calling the API, the AISP must have an access token issued by the ASPSP using a client credentials grant.

Account Request Status

Once the PSU authorises the account-request resource - the Status of the account-request resource will be updated with "Authorised".

The available Status code-list enumerations for the account-request resource are:

DELETE /account-requests/{AccountRequestId}

DELETE /account-requests/{AccountRequestId}

If the PSU revokes consent to data access with the AISP - the AISP should delete the account-request resource.

• This is done by making a call to DELETE the account-request resource.
• Prior to calling the API, the AISP must have an access token issued by the ASPSP using a client credentials grant.

GET Authorised Accounts

GET /accounts

The first step for an AISP after an account-request is authorised - is to call the GET /accounts endpoint. 

This will give the full list of accounts (the AccountId(s)) that the PSU has authorised the AISP to access. The AccountId(s) returned can then be used to retrieve other resources for an account. The selection of authorised accounts for v1.0 happens only at the ASPSP's interface.

The AISP will use an access token associated with the PSU issued through an authorization code grant.

GET Resources for a Specific Account

GET /accounts/{AccountId}
GET /accounts/{AccountId}/balances
GET /accounts/{AccountId}/beneficiaries
GET /accounts/{AccountId}/direct-debits
GET /accounts/{AccountId}/standing-orders
GET /accounts/{AccountId}/transactions
GET /accounts/{AccountId}/product

An AISP can retrieve the account information resources for the AccountId (which is retrieved in the call to GET /accounts).

The AISP will use an access token associated with the PSU issued through an authorization code grant.

GET Resources in Bulk

GET /accounts
GET /balances
GET /beneficiaries
GET /direct-debits
GET /standing-orders
GET /transactions
GET /products

If an ASPSP has implemented the bulk retrieval endpoints - an AISP can optionally retrieve the account information resources in bulk. 

This will retrieve the resources for all authorised accounts linked to the account-request.

The AISP will use an access token associated with the PSU issued through an authorization code grant.

Security & Access Control

API Scopes

The access tokens required for accessing the Account Info APIs must have at least the following scope:

accounts 

Grants Types

AISPs must use a client credentials grant to obtain a token to access the account-requests resource.

AISPs must use a authorization code grant to obtain a token to access all other resources.

Consent Authorisation

OAuth 2.0 scopes are coarse grained and the set of available scopes are defined at the point of client registration. There is no standard method for specifying and enforcing fine grained scopes (e.g. a scope to specify that account information should only be provided for certain time periods). 

A consent authorisation is used to define the fine-grained scope that is granted by the PSU to the AISP.

The AISP must create an account-request resource through a POST operation. This resource indicates the consent that the AISP claims it has been given by the PSU  to retrieve account and transaction information. At this stage, the consent is not yet authorised as the ASPSP has not yet verified this claim with the PSU.

The ASPSP responds with an AccountRequestId. This is the intent-id that is used when initiating the authorization code grant (as described in the Trust Framework).

As part of the authorization code grant:

• The ASPSP authenticates the PSU.
• The ASPSP plays back the consent (registered by the AISP) back to the PSU - to get consent authorisation. The PSU may accept or reject the consent in its entirity (but not selectively).
• The ASPSP presents the PSU a list of accounts to which the consent will apply.

Once these steps are complete, the consent is considered to have been authorised by the PSU.

Consent Elements

The Account Request resource consists of the following fields, that together form the elements of the consent provided by the PSU to the AISP:

• Permissions: The set of data clusters that the PSU has consented to allow the AISP to access
• ExpirationDateTime: The date-time up to which the consent is valid.
• TransactionFromDateTime: The earliest booking date of transactions that the PSU has consented to provide access to the AISP.
• TransactionToDateTime: The last booking date of transactions that the PSU has consented to provide access to the AISP.

Permissions

Permissions codes will be used to limit the data that is returned in response to a resource request. 

When a permission is granted for a "Detail" permission code (e.g., ReadAccountsDetail), it implies that access is also granted to the corresponding "Basic" permission code (e.g., ReadAccountsBasic)

The following combinations of permissions are disallowed and the ASPSP must not allow such account-requests to be created:

• Account requests with an empty Permissions array
• Account requests with a Permissions array that contains ReadTransactionBasic but does not contain at least one of ReadTransactionCredits and ReadTransactionDebits.
• Account requests with a Permissions array that contains ReadTransactionDetail but does not contain at least one of ReadTransactionCredits and ReadTransactionDebits.
• Account requests with a Permissions array that contains ReadTransactionCredits but does not contain at least one of ReadTransactionBasic and ReadTransactionDetails.
• Account requests with a Permissions array that contains ReadTransactionDebits but does not contain at least one of ReadTransactionBasic and ReadTransactionDetails.

The additional elements that are granted for "Detail" permissions are listed in this table.

All other fields (other than these fields listed) are available with the "Basic" Permission access. 

Example behaviour of the Permissions for the ReadAccountsBasic and ReadAccountDetail codes is as follows:

Expiration Date Time

The ExpirationDateTime is an optional field which specifies the expiration for AISP access to the PSU's data.

The field is optional - as the consent for AISP access to a PSU's data can be indefinite. The ExpirationDateTime is different to the RTS requirement for a PSU to re-authorise after 90 days - which is clarified in the "RTS and SCA Exemptions" section. The same account-request resource will be re-authenticated - with the same ExpirationDateTime as the original request.

The ExpirationDateTime applies to all Permissions (data clusters) being consented.

Transaction To/From Date Time

The TransactionToDateTime and the TransactionFromDateTime specify the period for consented transaction history. The AISP will be restricted to accessing transactions within this period when accessing the transactions resource.

Both the fields are optional and one can be specified without the other.

Account Request Status

The Account Request resource can have one of the following status codes after authorisation has taken place:

Error Condition

If the PSU does not complete a successful consent authorisation (e.g. if the PSU is not authenticated successfully), the authorization code grant ends with a redirection to the TPP with an error response as described in RFC 6749 Section 4.1.2.1. The PSU is redirected to the TPP with a error parameter indicating the error that occoured.

Consent Revocation

A PSU can revoke consent for accessing account information at any point in time.

The PSU can revoke authorisation directly with the ASPSP. The mechanisms for this are in the competitive space and are up to each ASPSP to implement in the ASPSP's banking interface. ASPSPs are under no obligation to notify AISPs regarding the revocation of authorisation in v1.0.

The PSU can request the AISP to revoke consent that it has authorised. If consent is revoked with the AISP:

• The AISP must cease to access the APIs at that point (otherwise it may be in breach of GDPR).
• The AISP should call the DELETE operation on the account-request resource to indicate to the ASPSP that the PSU has revoked consent.

Changes to Selected Account(s)

The PSU can select the accounts to which the consent should be applied at the point of consent authorisation.

Subsequent changes to the set of accounts to which the consent authorisation applies can be carried out directly with the ASPSP. The method for doing this lies in the competitive space and is not part of this specification.

Additionally, the set of selected accounts may also change due to external factors. This include (but are not limited to):

• The account being closed.
• The PSU's mandate to operate the account is revoked.
• The account is barred or frozen.

In such a situation, only the affected account is removed from the list of selected accounts. The ASPSP must not revoke authorisation to other accounts.

Handling Expired Access Tokens

Access Token issued through Client Credentials Grant

When an access token issued through a Client Credentials Grant expires, the TPP must get a new access token by executing a client credential grant again.

Access Token issued through Authorization Code Grant

An ASPSP may issue a refresh token along with an access token at the end of an authorization code grant.

When an access token obtained through an authorization code grant expires, the TPP may attempt to get a new access and refresh token as defined in Section 6 of the OAuth 2.0 specification.

If the TPP fails to get an access token using a refresh token, the TPP would have to get the PSU to initiate a fresh authorisation code grant using an existing intent-id. 

An ASPSP may choose to simplify their implementation by ensuring that the access token and consent authorisation have the same period of validity - in such a situation, the access token will not expire within the lifetime of the consent authorisation and subsequently the ability to re-authenticate is not required.

Risk Scoring Information

Information for risk scoring and assessment will come via:

• FAPI HTTP headers. These are defined in Section 6.3 of the FAPI specification and in the Headers section above.
• Additional fields identified by the industry as business logic security concerns - which will be passed in the Risk section of the payload in the JSON object. 

No fields for business logic security concerns have been identified for the Account Info APIs for v1.0.

Swagger Specification

The swagger specification for Account Information APIs can be downloaded from the following links:

•  PDF
•  JSON
•  YAML

Data Model

High Level Payload Structure

This section gives an overview of the top level structure for the API payloads for the Account Info APIs.

Request Structure

The top level request structure for Account Info APIs:

{
  "Data": {
  ...
  },
  "Risk": {
  ...
  }
}

The top level structure for the Account Info API POST requests will be:

• Data

• Risk

The Data section contains the request details.

A Risk section for the request structure has been separated out - so that this can evolve in isolation from request section of the payload.

Response Structure

The top level response structure for Account Info APIs:

{
  "Data": {
    ...
  },
  "Risk": {
    ...
  },
  "Links": [
    ...
  ],
  "Meta": {
    ...
  }
}

In line with the principle on RESTful API practices - we are replaying the resource as part of the response.

Two additional top level sections are included for:

• Links

• Meta

The Links section is mandatory and will always contain URIs to related resources, 

The "self" member is mandatory, the other members  "first", "prev", "next", "last"  are optional.

For example:

  "Links": {
    "self": "http://example.com/articles?page[number]=3&page[size]=1",
    "first": "http://example.com/articles?page[number]=1&page[size]=1",
    "prev": "http://example.com/articles?page[number]=2&page[size]=1",
    "next": "http://example.com/articles?page[number]=4&page[size]=1",
    "last": "http://example.com/articles?page[number]=13&page[size]=1"
  }

The Meta section is mandatory, but can be empty.  An optional member is "total-pages" which is specified as an integer (int32) and shows how many pages of results (for pagination) are available.

For example:

  "Meta": {
    "total-pages": 13
  }

Data Payload - Consent Object

This data dictionary section gives the detail on the payload content for Account Information flow to request access to account information.

Account Requests - Request

The OBReadRequest1 object will be used for the call to:

• POST /account-requests

UML Diagram

Notes:

• The fields in the OBReadRequest1 object are described in the Consent Elements section above
• No fields have been identified for the Risk section for v1.0 

Data Dictionary

Account Requests - Response

The OBReadResponse1 object will be used for the:

• Response to POST /account-requests
• Call to GET /account-requests/{AccountRequestId}

UML Diagram

Notes:

• The OBReadResponse1 object contains the same information as the OBReadRequest1 - but with additional fields:
  • AccountRequestId - to uniquely identify the account-request resource
  • Status
  • CreationDateTime
• No fields have been identified for the Risk section for v1.0

Data Dictionary

Data Payload - Resources

This data dictionary section gives the detail on the payload content for the account information resource endpoints.

How the resources relate from a logical perspective is documented in the Logical Data Model: Account Info - Logical Model.

UML diagram notes:

• All amount fields across the API endpoints use the ISO 20022 ActiveOrHistoricCurrencyAndAmount class. This is an XML attribute (with an embedded Currency field). Due to the limitations of the XML tool - the Currency field does not show in the UML diagram - however, is reflected in the Data Dictionary.

Accounts

The OBReadAccount1 object will be used for the call to:

• GET /accounts/{AccountId}
• GET /accounts

Resource Definition

The resource that represents the account to which credit and debit entries are made.

Each account resource will have a unique and immutable AccountId.

UML Diagram

Notes:

• The Account and Servicer blocks replicate what is used consistently throughout the Account Information APIs.
• This structure has been designed to:
  • Reflect the DebtorAccount and DebtorAgent (and similarly for CreditorAccount and CreditorAgent) structures in the PISP use case
  • Having a SchemeName for the Account and Servicer blocks means we can be flexible to accommodate multiple types of accounts (BBAN or IBAN)
• The SecondaryIdentification element can be used for the roll number for building societies

Data Dictionary

Balances

The OBReadBalance1 object will be used for the call to: 

• GET /accounts/{AccountId}/balances
• GET /balances

Resource Definition

Representation of the net increases and decreases in an account (AccountId) at a specific point in time.

An account (AccountId) can have multiple balance types (these follow the standard ISO 20022 balance type enumerations). If an ASPSP includes a credit line in an available balance - then the balance representation will have a section for the credit line amount and type.

UML Diagram

Notes:

• Multiple balances can be returned (each with a different value for Type) for an account. This is for ASPSPs that show multiple balances in their online channels.
• The CreditLine section can be repeated - as multiple credit lines may be included in an available balance.
• A DateTime element has been used instead of a complex choice element of Date and DateTime. Where time elements do not exist in ASPSP systems - the time portion of the DateTime element will be defaulted to 00:00:00

Data Dictionary

Beneficiaries

The OBReadBeneficiary1 object will be used for the call to: 

• GET /accounts/{AccountId}/beneficiaries
• GET /beneficiaries

Resource Definition

A resource that contains a set of elements that describe the list of trusted beneficiaries linked to a specific account (AccountId).

An account (AccountId) can have no trusted beneficiaries set up, or may have multiple beneficiaries set up.

In the case an ASPSP manages beneficiaries at a customer level (logged in user), instead of account level:

• If a PSU selects multiple accounts for authorisation - then their beneficiaries apply consistently to all selected accounts (i.e., in the bulk endpoint /beneficiaries)
• If a different PSU selects the same accounts - a different set of beneficiaries could be returned

This is the expected behaviour of the beneficiaries endpoints - in the case an ASPSP manages beneficiaries at a customer level:

• The bulk endpoint /beneficiaries will return the unique list of beneficiaries against the PSU. In this case - the AccountId in the OBReadBeneficiary1 payload would be set to NULL / empty (even if the PSU only has one account).
• The selected account endpoint /accounts/{AccountId}/beneficiaries will return the beneficiaries that could be accessible to the AccountId - based on the PSU. In this case - the AccountId will be populated in the payload

UML Diagram

Notes:

• The Account and Servicer blocks replicate what is used consistently throughout the Account Information APIs to identify an account.
• For the /accounts/{AccountId}/beneficiaries endpoint - the Account and Servicer blocks represent the account of the beneficiary that is receiving funds (so has been named the CreditorAccount - for consistency with the PISP use case).

Data Dictionary

Direct Debits

The OBReadDirectDebit1 object will be used for the call to: 

• GET /accounts/{AccountId}/direct-debits
• GET /direct-debits

Resource Definition

A resource that contains a set of elements that describe the list of direct-debits that have been set up on a specific account (AccountId).

An account (AccountId) can have no direct debits set up, or may have multiple direct debits set up.

UML Diagram

Notes:

• A DateTime element has been used - so that there is consistency across all API endpoints using dates. Where time elements do not exist in ASPSP systems - the time portion of the DateTime element will be defaulted to 00:00:00

Data Dictionary

Product

The OBReadProduct1 object will be used for the call to: 

• GET /accounts/{AccountId}/product
• GET /products

Resource Definition

A resource that contains a set of elements that describe the product details specific to the account (AccountId).

An account (AccountId) can only have a single product.

UML Diagram

Notes:

• An AccountId will only have one product - so the singe account endpoint will return only one product (for /accounts/{AccountId}/product)
• However - for the bulk products endpoint (/products) - multiple products can be returned for multiple accounts

Data Dictionary

Standing Orders

The OBReadStandingOrder1 object will be used for the call to: 

• GET /accounts/{AccountId}/standing-orders
• GET /standing-orders

Resource Definition

A resource that contains a set of elements that describe the list of standing-orders that have been set up on a specific account (AccountId).

An account (AccountId) can have no standing orders set up, or may have multiple standing orders set up.

UML Diagram

Notes:

• The Account and Servicer blocks replicate what is used consistently throughout the Account Information APIs to identify an account. 
• For the /accounts/{AccountId}/standing-orders endpoint - the Account and Servicer blocks represent the account that is receiving funds (so has been named the CreditorAccount - for consistency with the PISP use case).
• A DateTime element has been used - so that there is consistency across all API endpoints using dates. Where time elements do not exist in ASPSP systems - the time portion of the DateTime element will be defaulted to 00:00:00
• The Amount elements all have embedded Currency elements - for consistency is ISO 20022, and across the other API endpoints

Data Dictionary

Transactions

The OBReadTransaction1 object will be used for the call to:

• GET /accounts/{AccountId}/transactions
• GET /transactions

Resource Definition

A resource that describes a posting to an account that results in an increase or decrease to a balance.

For a specific date range - an account (AccountId) can have no transactions booked, or can have multiple transactions booked.

UML Diagram

Notes:

• The use of the term "Transaction" has been made consistently in the Transaction endpoint payload (instead of "Entry" which is the ISO20022 element name)

• A DateTime element has been used instead of a complex choice element of Date and DateTime. Where time elements do not exist in ASPSP systems - the time portion of the DateTime element will be defaulted to 00:00:00

• The BookingDateTime has been set to mandatory - as all ASPSPs can provide this field for pagination and filtering. The BookingDateTime is the date the transaction is booked (or posted) and becomes immutable - which is not the date the transaction took place.

• Either the BankTransactionCode (which is the ISO transaction code list), or ProprietaryBankTransactionCode, or both can be populated. While the expectation is that at least one of BankTransactionCode or ProprietaryBankTransactionCode are populated - we have decided not to enforce this behaviour in the payload structure - as this would require nesting elements, and introducing complex choice elements.

• The BankTransactionCode (ISO) code-list is documented on the ISO20022 website: https://www.iso20022.org/external_code_list.page; and External Code Sets spreadsheet.

• ASPSPs must have the ability to provide transactions through APIs for a period that at least equals the period provided through their online channels.

Data Dictionary

Data Payload - Enumerations

This section gives the definitions for enumerations used in the Account Info APIs.

Mapping to Schemes & Standards

ISO 20022

The Account Info API resources, where possible, have been borrowed from the ISO 20022 camt.052 XML standard. However - has been adapted for APIs based as per our design principles. 

Deviations from the camt.052 XML standard are:

• The camt.052 header section and trailer sections have been removed - as these are not required for a RESTful API
• Resources have been identified, and payload structures have been designed for these resources - rather than a full message (i.e., camt.052) that encompasses all resources in a report format. This has meant we've designed separate endpoints and payloads to cover:
  • accounts
  • balances
  • beneficiaries
  • direct-debits
  • products
  • standing-orders
  • transactions
• Only fields required for the v1.0 scope of the Account Info APIs have been included in the design. 
• New payloads have been designed for beneficiaries, direct-debits, standing-orders, and products resources - as these are not in the ISO 20022 standard (or the camt.052 message)
• A DateTime element has been used instead of a complex choice element of Date and DateTime (across all API endpoints). Where time elements do not exist in ASPSP systems - the expectation is the time portion of the DateTime element will be defaulted to 00:00:00
• Variations for the accounts structure include: 
  • Standardised inline with the Payment API account structures
  • Contains elements to identify an account Nickname, SecondaryIdentification
• Variations for the balances structure include:
  • Adding a Type into the CreditLine section - to allow for multiple credit line types affecting the available balance
  • DateTime element has been specified instead of a complex choice of Date and DateTime
• Variations for the transactions structure include:
  • Renaming "entry" to "transaction" for consistency - as this is the language used in the CMA Order, and PSD2
  • DateTime elements used instead of a complex choice of Date and DateTime
  • Flattening of the structure for BankTransactionCode and ProprietaryBankTransactionCode
  • Additional information for an AddressLine, MerchantDetails, and a running Balance

Usage Examples

No additional Sequence Diagrams are given for the Usage Examples - as they do not differ from the Sequence Diagram in the Overview.

All Permissions Granted

This set of payload examples is for an AISP:

• Setting up an account-request
• Getting the status of an account-request
• Retrieving data from each of the Account Info API endpoints
• Deleting the account-request

In this scenario:

• All permissions have been granted to access all Account Info API resources

Setup Account Request

1. Extended HTTP Headers section to clarify Request and Response Headers

Status - AwaitingAuthorisation

This is an example of a GET request which is made before the account request resource is authorised. 

Status - Authorised

This is an example of a GET request which is made after the account request resource is authorised.

Accounts - Bulk

The call to GET /accounts is the first step after an account-request is authorised.

This will allow the AISP to discover which accounts (and AccountId values) are associated with the authorisation of consent.

In this scenario AccountId 22289 has a building society roll number; and AccountId 31820 does not.

Accounts - Specific Account

An AISP can also retrieve the account resource details specifically for AccountId 22289

Balances - Specific Account

Balances - Bulk

Beneficiaries - Specific Account

Beneficiaries - Bulk

Direct Debits - Specific Account

Direct Debits - Bulk

Product  - Specific Account

Products - Bulk

Standing Orders - Specific Account

Standing Orders - Bulk

Transactions - Specific Account

Transactions - Bulk

None of the transactions included in the payload are Ecommerce transactions - so MerchantDetails are not included in the examples.

Delete Account Request

The DELETE /account-requests call allows an AISP to delete a previously created account-request (whether it is currently authorised or not). The PSU may want to remove their consent via the AISP instead of revoking authorisation with the ASPSP.

This API call allows the PSU to revoke consent with the AISP - and for that consent to be reflected in authorisation with the ASPSP.

Limited Permissions Granted

This set of payload examples is for an AISP:

• Setting up an account-request
• Retrieving data from:
  
  • /accounts/{AccountId}/balances
  • /accounts/{AccountId}/transactions

In this scenario:

• Only ReadAccountsBasic and ReadBalances permissions have been requested

Setup Account Request

Accounts - Bulk

Balances - Specific Account

Transactions - Specific Account

In this example - the AISP does not have access to call the transactions endpoint. This will result in a 403 error.

Pagination

The example below illustrates how an ASPSP may return a paginated response. 

The AISP can follow the links provided in the Links section of the payload to navigate to the first, last, next and previous pages:

Alternate and Error Flows

Missing or Expired Access Token

This flow assumes that the following Steps have been completed successfully:

• Step 1: Request Account Information
• Step 2: Setup Account Request
• Step 3: Authorize Consent

The AISP attempts to provide an expired or missing access token to the ASPSP in an attempt to Request Data

participant PSU
participant AISP
participant ASPSP Authorisation Server
participant ASPSP Resource Server
 

alt Request data with a missing or expired access-token
AISP <-> ASPSP Resource Server: Establish TLS 1.2 MA
AISP -> ASPSP Resource Server: GET /accounts
ASPSP Resource Server -> AISP: HTTP 401 (Unauthorized)
 
 
AISP -> ASPSP Resource Server: GET /accounts/{AccountId}/transactions
ASPSP Resource Server -> AISP: HTTP 401 (Unauthorized)
 

end alt

Incomplete or Malformed Request Payload

This flow assumes that the following Steps have been completed successfully:

• Step 1: Request Account Information
• Step 2: Setup Account Request
• Step 3: Authorize Consent

The AISP provides a malformed request to the ASPSP in an attempt to setup an Account Request.

participant PSU
participant AISP
participant ASPSP Authorisation Server
participant ASPSP Resource Server
 

alt AISP attempts to setup an account request with a malformed payload
AISP <-> ASPSP Resource Server: Establish TLS 1.2 MA
AISP -> ASPSP Resource Server: POST /account-requests
ASPSP Resource Server -> AISP: HTTP 400 (Bad Request)
 
end alt

Missing or Invalid Access Token Scope

This flow assumes that the following Steps have been completed successfully:

• Step 1: Request Account Information
• Step 2: Setup Account Request
• Step 3: Authorize Consent

The AISP provides a (valid) access token which does not have a valid scope (or link to the correct Permissions) to Request Data

participant PSU
participant AISP
participant ASPSP Authorisation Server
participant ASPSP Resource Server
 

alt Request data with a missing or invalid access-token scope
AISP <-> ASPSP Resource Server: Establish TLS 1.2 MA
AISP -> ASPSP Resource Server: GET /accounts
ASPSP Resource Server -> AISP: HTTP 403 (Forbidden)
 
 
AISP -> ASPSP Resource Server: GET /accounts/{AccountId}/transactions
ASPSP Resource Server -> AISP: HTTP 403 (Forbidden)
 

end alt

Sudden Burst of API Requests

This flow assumes that the following Steps have been completed successfully:

• Step 1: Request Account Information
• Step 2: Setup Account Request
• Step 3: Authorize Consent

The AISP provides a (valid) access token which is used to generate a burst of multiple requests to retrieve an Accounts resource.

participant PSU
participant AISP
participant ASPSP Authorisation Server
participant ASPSP Resource Server
 

alt AISP attempts to retrieve an Account Resource
AISP <-> ASPSP Resource Server: Establish TLS 1.2 MA
    loop Burst of multiple GET requests
        AISP -> ASPSP Resource Server: GET /accounts/{AccountId}
        ASPSP Resource Server -> AISP: HTTP 429 (Too Many Requests)
    end
end

Failed Authorisation Consent

This flow assumes that the following Steps have been completed successfully:

• Step 1: Request Account Information
• Step 2: Setup Account Request

The Step 3: Authorize Consent Flow fails to succeed due to the PSU providing invalid credentials to the ASPSP, resulting in no Authorization Code being generated.

participant PSU
participant AISP
participant ASPSP Authorisation Server
participant ASPSP Resource Server
  
note over PSU, ASPSP Resource Server
    Step 1: Request account information
end note
PSU -> AISP: Get account/transaction information
 
note over PSU, ASPSP Resource Server
    Step 2: Setup account request
end note
AISP <-> ASPSP Authorisation Server: Establish TLS 1.2 MA
AISP -> ASPSP Authorisation Server: Initiate Client Credentials Grant
ASPSP Authorisation Server -> AISP: access-token
AISP <-> ASPSP Resource Server: Establish TLS 1.2 MA
AISP -> ASPSP Resource Server: POST /account-requests
ASPSP Resource Server -> AISP: HTTP 201 (Created), AccountRequestId
AISP -> PSU: HTTP 302 (Found), Redirect (AccountRequestId)
 
note over PSU, ASPSP Resource Server
Step 3: Failed authorise consent
end note
PSU -> ASPSP Authorisation Server: Follow redirect (AccountRequestId)
PSU -> ASPSP Authorisation Server: Invalid Credentials
ASPSP Authorisation Server -> PSU: HTTP 302 (Found), Redirect (error)
PSU -> AISP: Follow redirect (error)
AISP -> PSU : Error Response